Cool, potable water should be available to the dog at all times and should be replaced frequently. Average water consumption is 60 millilitres per day per kilogram of body weight or higher in puppies, lactating bitches, working dogs or in hot weather.

Any change in a dog’s diet should be gradual, over a period of one week, so the dog’s taste, digestion and metabolism can adapt and so that its intestinal microflora, which is much more adapted to the type of food eaten than that of humans, can adjust to suit the new food.

A dog is happiest when it eats the same food every day, from the same dish and at the same time and place. The number of meals depends on the dog’s physiological state, which should be frequently evaluated.

The size and portions given is calculated as a function of the dog’s daily energy needs and the number of calories the food contains. Portion size should be re-evaluated often to avoid any decline into obesity and should be changed as the dog’s weight changes.

Whether the food is homemade or commercial, it should contain all the nutrients the dog needs, in sufficient quantities and in proportions appropriate for the dog’s size (small, medium, large or giant breed), physiological condition (maintenance, breeding, sport), age (puppy, mature adult, old dog) and pathological state if need be.

The choice of food is not insignificant. Nutritional balance should be overriding consideration. There are three basic criteria for choosing the right food for a dog: its size, age and level of activity.

The manner in which the food is given is just as important as what is in the food. This is why, when feeding commercial food, it is essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Table scraps, sweets, sugar, cake and chocolate have no place in a dog’s diet. (It would be better to give proper dogs’ biscuits).

Commercial foods offer the best guarantee of healthful cleanliness. Used properly, they present no risk of food poisoning. Open cans of dog food, fresh food or defrosted food should be kept cold and dry food should be kept in its re-closed bag in a dry place. If the dog does not finish its meal, the remaining food should be thrown away. The dog dish should be washed every day.

A diet’s effectiveness and the effects of any changes should be kept track of through such simple indicators as changes in weight, the health of the dog’s hair, the characteristics of its excrement, its appetite and its day-to-day behaviour.

By training, a veterinarian is also a dietician for both sick and healthy dogs. Consult your veterinarian for persistent lack of appetite or bulimia, abnormal weight loss or gain, persistent diarrhoea or constipation, worrisome physical or behavioural problems or any notable changes in thirst or appetite that might be signs of general illness requiring a thorough examination.